{"id":5602,"date":"2022-11-22T19:35:54","date_gmt":"2022-11-22T19:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/?p=5602"},"modified":"2023-02-25T22:16:54","modified_gmt":"2023-02-25T22:16:54","slug":"%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%86%d8%a8%d9%8a-31","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/2022\/11\/22\/%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%86%d8%a8%d9%8a-31\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a (31)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u062d
\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0646\u0634\u064e\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 1964 \u0648 1968 \u0643\u0645\u0651\u0627\u064b\u0651 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9volution africaine . \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064f\u0651\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 “\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a\u0652 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a: “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629” Sociologie de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance \u060c (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f26 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u06311964)\u060c \u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a” Politique et \u00e9thique (\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639) \u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629” Politique et sagesse populaire (\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639) \u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643” Politique et Boulitique (\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639) \u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627” Politique et id\u00e9ologie (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f29 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1965)\u060c \u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629” Politique et culture \u060c (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f16 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1965)\u060c \u0648 “\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646” Changer l\u2019homme \u060c (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f14 \u0645\u0627\u064a 1967).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: ” \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 Les conditions d\u2019une dynamique sociale”\u060c (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f 28 \u0645\u0627\u064a 1967 )\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: ” \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 Travail et investissement “\u060c(\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f 04 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 1967 )\u060c \u0648 ” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a Les id\u00e9es et l\u2019\u00e9dification sociale ” (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f 11 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 1967 )\u060c \u0648 ” \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 Economie de subsistance et \u00e9conomie de d\u00e9veloppement ” (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f 20 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1967 ) \u060c \u0648 ” \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 Le facteur d\u00e9mographique et le sous-d\u00e9veloppement “(\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f27 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1967)\u060c \u0648 ” \u0646\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0652 \u0646\u0635\u0646\u0639\u061f Acheter ou faire ” (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f 14 \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a 1968 )\u060c \u0648 ” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0635\u063a\u0651\u0631 Planification et micro-planification ” (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f 20 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1968).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u063a\u0641\u064d \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u2026 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648 Fidel Castro \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 ” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 Morale et r\u00e9volution ” (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f 13\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1968 ) \u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627 Che Guevara (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f23 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u06311967 )\u060c \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 ” \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0642 Le testament de Mossadegh ” (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f 02 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644 1967).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 1967 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0641\u0650\u062a\u064e \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: “\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 Le prix de l\u2019union arabe ” (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f 18 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 1967 )\u060c \u0648 ” \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 Le moment du flash ” (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f 25 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 1967 ) \u060c \u0648 ” \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 Le moment de r\u00e9flexion” (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f 02 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 1967 )\u060c \u0648 ” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644 Le p\u00e9trole round ” (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f 09 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 1967 )\u060c \u0648 “\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a L\u2019ONU condamne le peuple palestinien ” (\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 R\u00e9vaf\u0639\u062f\u062f 23 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 1967).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062b \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 1967.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629” (1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 ” \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646” \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 1969 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0632\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u064e\u0638\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 “\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646” \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 Les Actes. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u064f\u0643\u0650\u0645\u064e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629” \u0628\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629”. \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 La nouvelle r\u00e9publique \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 8 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644 1969: ” \u064a\u062d\u0650\u0642\u0651 \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0650\u0651 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645” (4). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1970 \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0650\u0631\u064e \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0646\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u062f\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 27 \u0645\u0627\u064a 1969. \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0648 10 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0647: ” \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 12 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631: ” \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629\u064e\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 “\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646”. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0628\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a 1970 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a. \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629: ” \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u2026 \u0641\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 Montaron\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631 l\u2019abb\u00e9 Pierre”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0633\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629” \u0648 “\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629” \u0648 “\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a” \u0648 ” \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644\u062b \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a”. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 ” \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u061f Que sais-je de l\u2019islam ” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a 1970. \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646: “\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u061f” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629: ” \u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645”\u060c \u0648 ” \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644 1970 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 ” \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0647\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646”. \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u064a 1970\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0629 ” \u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633”. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1970 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 ” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a”. \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1970 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 ” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646”. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 1972 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 “\u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646”. \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1973 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a”. \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a 1973 \u0643\u062a\u064e\u0628\u064e \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645” \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 ” \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b”\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642. \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 1973 \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638” \u064a\u064f\u0646\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1973 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a R\u00e9volution africaine. \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1960 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a” \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1962.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0631\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1968 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 1904 \u062f\u062c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4) \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 “\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0642” ( L\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 de la discorde ) \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 2000 .<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064e\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[157],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5602","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category----ar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5602","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5602"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5602\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5603,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5602\/revisions\/5603"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5602"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5602"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5602"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}