\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u062d
\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643\u064d \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u0641\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u200f\u0633\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u0641\u062a\u0651\u0634 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 “\u200f\u200e L\u2019Humanit\u00e9\u200f” \u062b\u064f\u0645\u0651 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u200f\u0643\u062b\u0628. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u200fM. Bobreiter\u200f \u0641\u0644\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0624\u0647. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u200f\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 “\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629” \u200fNouvelles Litt\u00e9raires)\u200e\u200f \u062a\u0635\u0650\u0644\u064f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u200f\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627” (\u200fConf\u00e9rencia\u200f). \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0647\u0650\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627.\u200f
\u200f \u200f
\u0623\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u200fRabidranath Tagore\u200f \u200f\u200f(1861-1941). \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u200f\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u200f\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0646\u062c”.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064d \u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064e\u0631: \u200f\u200f”\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0651\u0631\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627\u2026”. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u200f\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0628\u064f\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064d \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0627: “\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u200f\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u064d \u062a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064f \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645” \u200f\u200f(\u0645.\u0634.\u0642). \u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1922 \u0646\u0634\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645”\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u200f\u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u200fEmile Morinaud\u200f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u200f\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u200fLe R\u00e9publicain\u200f. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u200f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f: “\u0643\u064f\u0646\u062a\u064f \u0623\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0633\u062e\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062f\u0650\u0651\u062f\u064f \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a\u0652 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0636\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u063a\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u200f\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628”.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1922 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u200f\u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u200f\u200e(Christian Cherfils)\u200e\u200f. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u064a \u200fLyautey\u200f \u200f\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 2 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1922.\u200f
\u200f \u200f
\u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u064a\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0628\u0651” \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u060c \u200f\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u062c \u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 (1). \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062b\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u200f\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u200fEug\u00e8ne Jung\u200f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u200f\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u063a\u064f\u0631\u064e\u0641\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647: “\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062f\u064f\u0641\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u200f\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629”\u200f\u200e.\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u064f\u0633\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0632\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u200fZwimmer\u200f \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u200f\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0650\u0643\u064f\u062a\u064a\u0650\u0651\u0628\u064d \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0625\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u200fEtienne Dinet\u200f \u200f\u200f(1861- 1929) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (2) \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064a \u200fDr. Grenier\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u200f\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0636\u0651\u0623 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0635\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0630\u0645\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0646 (3). \u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u200f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f. \u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064d \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0621\u064d \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0633 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 “\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0628\u0633” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u200f\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u200f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a. \u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0644 (4) : \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u063a\u0632\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062b\u064f\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u200f\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1949 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u064c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0628\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u0637\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0641\u0650 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u200f\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639: “\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u200f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u200f\u0633\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u200f\u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0641\u0626\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0652\u060c \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u200f\u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u061f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u200f\u0644\u062a\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u064e \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u063a\u064a\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0647. \u200f\u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a \u200fCommodore Perry\u200f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1864 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u200f\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f. \u0641\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u062d: \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u200f\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629:” \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628” (\u200fL\u2019habit ne fait pas le \u200emoine\u200f). \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0651\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0651. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0647\u0642\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0624\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0636\u062d\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u200f\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629: \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0643\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064f\u062f\u062e\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u064f\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u200f\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631.\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0632\u0639\u0632\u0639\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u062c\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062f\u062a \u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0648\u062a\u0652 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0644\u060c \u200f\u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0629. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u2026 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629: “\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u0628\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u200f\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646”. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u200f\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0650\u0631\u064e \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u064e \u0647\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u062f\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0631\u061f \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u0639\u0641\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0634\u0627\u062a \u061f \u0641\u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0630\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u200f\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0621\u2026”.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629” \u200fL\u2019Afro-Asiatisme)\u200e\u200f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u200f\u0633\u0646\u0629 1956 (5)\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0650\u0651\u0644\u064f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u200f\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u064d \u0633\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u200f\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0647\u0648: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0647\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0641\u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a: “\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u0631\u062a\u062f\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0651\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u200f\u0648\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062b \u0625\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0630\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064f\u0651\u0632\u2026 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062b\u0642\u0650\u0644\u064f \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u062c\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u200f\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u200f\u0642\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0652\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u200f\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d. \u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0651 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u200f\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u062c\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0645\u0652\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u200f\u0646\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0625 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064d \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u200f\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0651\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u200f\u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0627\u064b \u200f\u0648\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0640 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u0651 \u0640 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u200f\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0644\u064a\u0627”.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u064f\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629\u064c \u0645\u064f\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u200f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u064e \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629: \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u200f\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u063a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062e\u0628\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u200f\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621\u0650 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647: “\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u200f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a. \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u200f\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u064c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u063a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u064f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u200f\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649”.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0646\u0646\u0633\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u064f\u063a\u064a\u0650\u0651\u0631\u064f \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064d.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062d \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d) \u0644\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0635\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u200f\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1923 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a (1882-1963) \u200f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u064f\u0646\u064a\u064e \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 (6) . \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0640 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u200fPoincar\u00e9\u200f \u200f\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b. \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u200f\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0630\u064a\u0648\u0639 \u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u200fRomain \u200eRolland\u200f \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0628\u0627\u064b\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629” \u200fLa Jeune Inde)\u200e\u200f\u2026 \u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 (1332-1406) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u200fDe Slane\u200f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u200f\u200f(900-956) \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628” (7). \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0645 (1898-1975) \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0647\u0649 \u200f\u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0650\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a \u200f\u200f(1893-1957) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0652\u0646: \u0645\u0624\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0650\u0651\u0644\u064f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u064f\u0635\u064f\u0651 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 14 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u200f\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0650\u0651\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0651 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u0651\u0628. \u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0623\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629” \u200fL\u2019Histoire sociale de \u200el\u2019humanit\u00e9)\u200e\u200f \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u200fCourtellement\u200f (8) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u200f\u200f”\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u200f\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0647\u0650\u0651\u0632 \u200f\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u064e\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u200f\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649. \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u200f\u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u200fGoumiers\u200f). \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u200f\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u064f\u0645\u0652\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u200f\u0648\u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u062d\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u200f\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0630\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u064f\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0651\u0642. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0645 \u200f\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0648: \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u061f \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064d \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0638\u0648\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u200f\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u200f\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0643\u0650\u0651\u0631\u064f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0649\u0621 \u200f\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628) \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629).\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u200f\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u200f\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 (\u0645.\u0634.\u0642).\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0652 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062e\u064e\u0637\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0650\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0645” \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0643\u0650\u0651\u0631\u0652 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064d \u200f\u0645\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u200f\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u200f\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u063a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651. \u0641\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u200f\u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u064f\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064f \u062d\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u200f\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u200f\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u064f\u0646\u0652 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0651\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641. \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643: “\u0644\u0645\u0652 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u062e\u0637\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u064f\u0628\u0639 \u200f\u0642\u0631\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0652 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0625 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1939\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u06291947”. \u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0646\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0652 \u0645\u064f\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u200f\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0645\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0631\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0629: \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0650\u0631\u064e \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 24 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644 1953 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u200fLe \u200eJeune musulman \u200e\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1954\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u200f\u200f”\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a”. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0651\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u200f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064e\u0631\u0629”\u200fcolonis\u00e9s\u200f \u200fLa lutte id\u00e9ologique dans les pays\u200f \u200f\u200f(9) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1960\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 “\u0645\u064f\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629” \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0650\u0631\u064e \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u200f\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u200fR\u00e9volution africaine \u200e\u200f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062a 1967\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: “\u0644\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u062e\u064f\u0636\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u200f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u064c\u0646\u0648\u062a\u064d \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u2026 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0650\u0651\u0644\u064d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629”). \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u200f\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u064a 1970 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631(10) \u200f\u200e (Que sais-je de l\u2019islam )\u200e\u200f \u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0624\u0643\u0650\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u200f\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637\u064d \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b.\u200f\u200e \u200e\u200f(\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639)\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:\u200f
\u200f1)\u200f \u0639\u064f\u0642\u0650\u062f \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1905 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a (\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1916)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u200f\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u200fEug\u00e8ne Jung\u200f ( \u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1934) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u200fTonkin\u200f. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u064a\u0642\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629”. \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u200f\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0637\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u063a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\/\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.\u200f
\u0648\u0628\u064f\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a (\u200fL\u2019Ind\u00e9pendance arabe \u200e\u200f ) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1906\u060c \u062b\u064f\u0645\u0651 \u200f\u200f”\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a” (\u200f\u200e L\u2019Orient arabe\u200f) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1917. \u0627\u0636\u0637\u064f\u0631\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u200f\u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647.\u200f
\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651. \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u200f\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064a\u0631” \u200fL\u2019islam sous le joug \u200e\u200f ) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1926\u060c \u0648 \u200f\u200f”\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 “\u200fLes Arabes et l\u2019islam face aux nouvelles \u200ecroisades \u200e\u200f ) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1931.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200f2)\u200f \u200f”\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f 17 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644 1968\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200f3)\u200f \u0623\u0633\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064a \u200fPhilippe Grenier\u200f ( 1865-1944) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1894\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u200f\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0644\u064a\u064a \u200fPontarlier\u200f \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u200fJura\u200f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0650\u0628\u064e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062b\u064f\u0645\u0651 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647. \u0648 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u064f\u0628\u0650\u0651\u0647\u064e \u0628\u0640 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u062c\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u200f\u200f(\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u200fLe Figaro\u200f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 14 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 1897). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0633) \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u063a\u0652\u0631\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0647\u0650\u062f\u064e \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1898\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a. \u200f\u200e. R. Fermier : \u00ab Dr. \u200ePhilippe Grenier, ancien d\u00e9put\u00e9 de Pontarlier \u00bb, Ed. Faivre-Verney, Pontarlier, \u200e\u200e1955 et R. Bichet : \u00ab Un comtois musulman, le Dr Philippe Grenier : proph\u00e8te de \u200eDieu, d\u00e9put\u00e9 de Pontarlier\u00bb, Besan\u00e7on 1976).\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200f4)\u200f \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0644\u200e Turg\u00fct \u00d6zal \u200e\u200f “: \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627” \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646\u200f\u200e Plon\u200f \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 1988\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200f5)\u200f \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1956\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200f6)\u200f \u062e\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 3000 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 60000 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u200f\u0642\u064f\u062a\u0650\u0644\u064e \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 20000 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u200f\u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0646\u0645 20000 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c 200 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0634.\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u062e\u0648\u062c\u0629:” \u0639\u0644\u064a \u200f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629” \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062d\u0644\u0628 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 1991.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200f7)\u200f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f\u200e Barbier de Meynard\u200f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1867\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200f8)\u200f \u062c\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 (1863-1931) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0642\u0650\u0651\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1880\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u200f\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1894. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1895. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 “\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a \u200f\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u200f\u200e Mon voyage \u00e0 la Mecque)\u200e\u200f \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 “\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631” \u200fVoyage en Syrie et en \u200eEgypte \u200e\u200f )\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200f9)\u200f \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1960.\u200f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u200f10)\u200f \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u061f\u200e \u200e\u200f”\u200fQue sais-je de l\u2019islam ? .\u200e\u200f”\u200f<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[157],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5544","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category----ar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5544","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5544"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5544\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5545,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5544\/revisions\/5545"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5544"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5544"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5544"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}