{"id":5384,"date":"2022-07-05T13:58:10","date_gmt":"2022-07-05T13:58:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/?p=5384"},"modified":"2023-02-25T22:11:58","modified_gmt":"2023-02-25T22:11:58","slug":"%d9%85%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/2022\/07\/05\/%d9%85%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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\u0623\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (la technique)\u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064d \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064e \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062a\u064e\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u0645\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/strong> (la logique pragmatique)\u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0628\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d(le savoir faire \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629). \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064e\u062b\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0627\u062d \u064a\u064f\u0628\u064a\u0650\u0651\u0646\u064f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0630\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629: “\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0629\u064c \u0628\u0650\u0628\u064f\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064d \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629… \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 <\/strong>\u0641\u064a <\/strong>\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0647<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u064f\u0635\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 <\/strong>\u0641\u064a <\/strong>\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/strong>” (\u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628    . ( Perspectives alg\u00e9riennes, 1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/strong>\u0648\u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0622\u0644\u062a\u0652 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639\u062a\u0652 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0650\u062b\u0652\u0644\u064a\u0650\u0651. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0631 Spengler \u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 : “\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0641\u0649\u0621 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u0651 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627… \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629” (6)<\/sup><\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0648 Allan Christelow \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>” \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0638\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629”. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 Bernard Lewis \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 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\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 : “\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u0646\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0629. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u061f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629… \u062b\u064f\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0631\u064e\u0651 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629” \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 (\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a) \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647: “<\/strong> \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0641\u0644\u062a\u0652 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633. \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064216 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0651 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0651. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0640 \u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0641\u062c\u0650\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629… \u0641\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062a<\/strong>“. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0651 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/strong>“\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631“<\/strong>\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0650 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong>“. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647: “\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0650\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0639\u064f\u0648\u0627\u064b\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/strong>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 “\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647:  “\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a… \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0638\u064c\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0624\u0647<\/strong>“. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639                                                                                                                                                  <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1<\/strong>) \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:”\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a” Mikel Dufrenne, \u00ab La personnalit\u00e9 de base : un concept sociologique \u00bb, Ed. PUF, Paris 1969<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:”\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629” \u00ab Origine et fonction de la culture \u00bb, Ed. Gallimard, Paris 1972.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:”\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627” \u00ab Consid\u00e9rations inactuelles \u00bb, Ed. Aubier, Paris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4) \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:”\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u061f” \u00ab Qui survivra? \u00bb, Ed. Fayard, Paris 1978.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5) \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a : Payot, Paris 1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f1.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 <\/strong>11 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644<\/strong> 2016  <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 <\/strong>09 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 <\/strong>2016  <\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u062d \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[130],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5384","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-130"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5384","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5384"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5384\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5385,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5384\/revisions\/5385"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5384"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5384"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5384"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}