{"id":5358,"date":"2022-06-24T12:15:50","date_gmt":"2022-06-24T12:15:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/?p=5358"},"modified":"2023-02-25T22:14:46","modified_gmt":"2023-02-25T22:14:46","slug":"%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%83-%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.noureddineboukrouh.com\/ar\/2022\/06\/24\/%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%83-%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"“\u0644\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0643” \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0632\u064f \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u064e\u0644\u0642\u064f\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0630\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0647\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0651 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064e\u0639\u064f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0641\u062a\u0652\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u064e\u062a\u0652 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0630\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0646\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u062c\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621” (\u00ab Les Mis\u00e9rables \u00bb)<\/strong> \u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646(Jean Valjan) \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 (Monseigneur Muriel)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628: “\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629”.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 “\u062d\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f” (La Goulette) \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u064e\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u064a\u062c \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u064f\u0631\u0650\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0638\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u062b \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 “\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642… \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u064f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0635\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0647: \u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 <\/strong>!<\/strong> \u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u064a \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062e\u064a\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0643\u064a \u0622\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 <\/strong>!<\/strong> \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0639\u062a\u064f 700 \u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/strong> !<\/strong>“<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a\u0652 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b: “\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a<\/strong>(Tolsto\u00ef)<\/strong> \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/strong>“. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0648 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0651. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 “\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646” \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647 (les intellectomanes). \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0650\u062d\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627: “\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 <\/strong>\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0631\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0652 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0650\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/strong>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 ” \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong> ” \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0650\u0631\u064e \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 R\u00e9volution africaine \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 18 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1965: “\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064e \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u0650 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0650 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0633\u064e\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/strong>..”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u0637\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/strong>“(3)<\/sup><\/strong> \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1968. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0633 Leeds \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0649 \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u062a\u0652 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0651 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1935. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0625 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u0648\u0650\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u0648 Daniel Defoe \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0652\u0648\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 ( \u062d\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0638\u0627\u0646 )\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631… \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0641 “\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629” \u0648 “\u0644\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0643”\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646) \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u0646 “\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d” \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1<\/strong>) (\u0644\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0643: \u062d\u062c\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621) \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2005 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1948 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u064f\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1986 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 R\u00e9volution africaine \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 22 \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a 1968. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> <\/strong>08 \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a 2016<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 <\/strong>30 \u0645\u0627\u064a <\/strong>2016  <\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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